The Salawin River Mae Hong Son

The Salawin River Mae Hong Son

The Salawin River originates in Tibet. During the winter, you can feel the peace and serenity flowing as the water meanders its way south. Location The Salawin River creates the border between Thailand and Myanmar. This river flow through Amphoe Mae Sariang, and Amphoe Mae La Noi in the Mae Hong Son Province, before crossing the border into Myanmar. The total distance the river covers from Tibet to Myanmar is 3,151 kilometers. The length passing through Thailand is 120 kilometers. Highlights Traveling Down the River: Traveling down the river is perhaps the best way to see the area. During its 120 kilometers path, the river goes through Amphoe Mae La Noi, in the Salawin Wildlife Sanctuary and through the Salawin National Park. From here, a boat trip down the Moei River to the Tha Tafang Ranger Unit takes about one hour.
This Unit has the best accommodations for tourists in the area. However, you need to keep in mind that the Moei River is the border between Thailand and Myanmar, so at night, it is best to stay on the Thai side.

Christmas History

Christmas History

Celebration during the winter season were common, way before Christmas was celebrated on December 25th.
Actually, Christmas was a movable feast and was celebrated many different times during the year. Not until Pope Julius I in the 4th century AD choose December 25th because it coincided with the Pagan rituals of Winter Solstice or "Return of the Sun". The purpose was to replace the Pagan celebration with the Christian one.
11 days were dropped from the year in 1752, when we switched from the Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendar. The date, December 25th was effectively moved backwards by 11 days. Some Christian Church Sects, called the "Calendarists", still celebrate Christmas on January 7th (previously December 25th of the Julian calendar).
Before Christianity the Swedish people celebrated "midvinterblot" at winter solstice. It simply means "mid-winter-blood", and featured both animal and human sacrifice. This tradition took place at certain cult places, and basically every old Swedish church is built on such a place. The Pagan tradition was finally abandoned around 1200 AD, due to the missionaries persistence. (Of course they were sacrificed too, by the Vikings, in the beginning.) Midvinterblot paid tribute to the local gods, appealing to them to let go of the winter's grip. The winters in Scandinavia are dark and grim, and these were the days before central heating. And the Gods were powerful. Until this day Thursday is named after the war god Thor. Friday after Freja (fertility) It is interesting to note that to this day the Swedish name for Christmas is Jul (Yule), and the Jul gnome has a more important role than Christmas father or the Christchild. You don't kill those Pagan tradition easily. The old Viking religion with Thor and his friends is still practiced by some people, somewhat less bloodily.

In Italy, La Befana, a kindly witch, rides a broomstick down the chimney to deliver toys into the stockings of Italian children. The legends say that Befana was sweeping her floors when the three Wise Men stopped and asked her to come to see the Baby Jesus. "No," she said, "I am too busy." Later, she changed her mind but it was too late to catch up with the tree Wise Men. So, to this day, she goes out on January 5th and searching for the Holy Child, leaving gifts for the "holy child" in each household.
To celebrate the New Year in Tibet, Buddhist monks create elaborate yak-butter sculptures depicting a different story or fable each year. The sculptures reach 30 feet high and are lit with special butter lamps. Awards are given for the best butter sculptures.
The ancient traditions of Pakistan pre-date the Christian era. During winter solstice, an ancient demigod returns to collect prayers and deliver them to Dezao, the supreme being. During this celebrations women and girls are purified by taking ritual baths. The men pour water over their heads while they hold up bread. Then the men and boys are purified with water and must not sit on chairs until evening when goat's blood is sprinkled on their faces. Following this purification, a great festival begins, with singing, dancing, bonfires, and feasting on goat tripe and other delicacies.

Legend has it that the shepherds rejoiced when they learned of the birth of Christ and they waved their hooked staffs about and played Ganna. This is the origin of the game called Ganna that is traditionally played on Christmas Day (January 7 -- the older date of Christmas) by all the men and boys in Ethiopia.
This humorous tradition was documented in 1851 in a London Newspaper. In Devonshire, England, on Twelfth Night (January 7), the farmers get their weapons and go to their apple orchard. Selecting the oldest tree, they form a circle and chant:
Here's to thee, old apple treeWhence thou mayst bud and whence thou mayst blowAnd whence thou mayst bear apples enow:Hats full, caps full, Bushels, bushels, sacks full,And my pockets full too!Huzza! Huzza!
The men drink cider, make merry, and fire their weapons (charged only with powder) at the tree. They return to the home and are denied entrance no matter what the weather by the women indoors. When one of the men guesses the name of the roast that is being prepared for them, all are let in. The one who guessed the roast is named "King for the Evening" and presides over the party until the wee hours.
Here's a fun one to try at your next Christmas Party. It was popular in England during the 1800's. Set brandy on fire in a bowl. Throw raisins into the flames. The party guests then take turns snatching the flaming raisins and popping them into their mouths. The flames go out as soon as the mouth shuts, so speed and dexterity are essential.
SNAP DRAGONHere he comes with flaming bowl,Don't he mean to take his toll,Snip! Snap! Dragon!Take care you don't take too much,Be not greedy in your clutch,Snip! Snap! Dragon!With his blue and lapping tongueMany of you will be stung,Snip! Snap! Dragon!For he snaps at all that comesSnatching at his feast of plums,Snip! Snap! Dragon!

This unusual event takes place in Oaxaca, Mexico on December 23 each year. It dates to the mid-nineteenth century and commemorates the introduction of the radish by the Spanish colonists. Radishes in this region grow to the size of yams but are not the rounded shape we usually see. They are twisted and and distorted by growing in the rocky soil. These unusual shapes are exploited as local artisans carve them into elaborate scenes from the Bible, from history, and from the Aztec legends. Cash prizes are awarded and the evening culminates with a spectacular fireworks display.
This is a Buddhist celebration held on December 8 each year throughout Japan. It is a tradition that has been carried on since at least 400 AD. Once only observed by tailors and dressmakers, today anyone who sews participates. A special shrine is made for the needles containing offerings of food and scissors and thimbles.A pan of tofu (soybean curd) is the center of the shrine and all the broken and bent needles are inserted into it. As the needles go into the tofu, the sewer recites a special prayer in thanks for its fine service over the year. The needles find their final resting place at sea, as devotees everywhere wrap their tofu in paper and launch them out to sea.

วันลอยกระทง

วันลอยกระทง

วันลอยกระทงตรงกับวันขึ้น 15 คำ เดือน 12 ประเพณีลอยกระทงมีมาตั้งแต่สมัยสุโขทัยประมาณ 700 ปีมาแล้ว
ประเพณีลอยกระทงได้เข้าสู่ประเทศไทยในสมัยกรุงสุโขทัยเป็นราชธานีประมาณ พ.ศ. 1800 ดังปรากฏในหนังสือนางนพมาศ ผู้เป็นพระสนมเอกของพระร่วงเจ้าว่า "ครั้นวันเพ็ญเดือน 12 ข้าน้อยได้กระทำโคมลอย คิดตกแต่งให้งามประหลาดกว่าโคมสนมกำนัลทั้งปวงจึงเลือกผกาเกษรสีต่างๆ มาประดับเป็นรูปกระมุทกลีบบานรับแสงจันทร์ใหญ่ประมาณเท่ากงระแทะ ล้วนแต่พรรณดอกไม้ซ้อนสีสลับให้ป็นลวดลาย..." เมื่อสมเด็จพระร่วงเจ้าได้เสด็จฯทางชลมารค ทอดพระเนตรกระทงของนางนพมาศก็ทรงพอพระราชหฤทัย จึงมีพระราชโองการฯให้จัดพิธีลอยกระทงเป็นประจำทุกปี ในคืนวันเพ็ญเดือนสิบสองพระราชพิธีนี้จึงได้ถือปฏิบัติเป็นประจำจนกระทั่งบัดนี้
ประวัติความเป็นมา
ประเพณีลอยกระทงมีมานานจนสืบประวัติไม่ได้ และไม่มีในคัมภีร์ทางศาสนาเสฐียรโกเศศ (พระยาอนุมานราชธน) ได้ค้นคว้าที่มาของประเพณีลอยกระทงไทยทุกภาคตลอดจนถึงประเทศใกล้เคียงคือ พม่า กัมพูชา จีน อินเดีย ได้ความว่ามีประเพณีลอยกระทงทุกประเทศด้วยเหตุผลต่างๆ กัน

History and customs of halloween

Halloween is an annual celebration, but just what is it actually a celebration of? And how did this peculiar custom originate? Is it, as some claim, a kind of demon worship? Or is it just a harmless vestige of some ancient pagan ritual?
The word itself, "Halloween," actually has its origins in the Catholic Church. It comes from a contracted corruption of All Hallows Eve. November 1, "All Hollows Day" (or "All Saints Day"), is a Catholic day of observance in honor of saints. But, in the 5th century BC, in Celtic Ireland, summer officially ended on October 31. The holiday was called Samhain (sow-en), the Celtic New year.
One story says that, on that day, the disembodied spirits of all those who had died throughout the preceding year would come back in search of living bodies to possess for the next year. It was believed to be their only hope for the afterlife. The Celts believed all laws of space and time were suspended during this time, allowing the spirit world to intermingle with the living.
Naturally, the still-living did not want to be possessed. So on the night of October 31, villagers would extinguish the fires in their homes, to make them cold and undesirable. They would then dress up in all manner of ghoulish costumes and noisily paraded around the neighborhood, being as destructive as possible in order to frighten away spirits looking for bodies to possess.
Probably a better explanation of why the Celts extinguished their fires was not to discourage spirit possession, but so that all the Celtic tribes could relight their fires from a common source, the Druidic fire that was kept burning in the Middle of Ireland, at Usinach.
Some accounts tell of how the Celts would burn someone at the stake who was thought to have already been possessed, as sort of a lesson to the spirits. Other accounts of Celtic history debunk these stories as myth.
The Romans adopted the Celtic practices as their own. But in the first century AD, Samhain was assimilated into celebrations of some of the other Roman traditions that took place in October, such as their day to honor Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. The symbol of Pomona is the apple, which might explain the origin of our modern tradition of bobbing for apples on Halloween.
The thrust of the practices also changed over time to become more ritualized. As belief in spirit possession waned, the practice of dressing up like hobgoblins, ghosts, and witches took on a more ceremonial role.
The custom of Halloween was brought to America in the 1840's by Irish immigrants fleeing their country's potato famine. At that time, the favorite pranks in New England included tipping over outhouses and unhinging fence gates.
The custom of trick-or-treating is thought to have originated not with the Irish Celts, but with a ninth-century European custom called souling. On November 2, All Souls Day, early Christians would walk from village to village begging for "soul cakes," made out of square pieces of bread with currants. The more soul cakes the beggars would receive, the more prayers they would promise to say on behalf of the dead relatives of the donors. At the time, it was believed that the dead remained in limbo for a time after death, and that prayer, even by strangers, could expedite a soul's passage to heaven.
The Jack-o-lantern custom probably comes from Irish folklore. As the tale is told, a man named Jack, who was notorious as a drunkard and trickster, tricked Satan into climbing a tree. Jack then carved an image of a cross in the tree's trunk, trapping the devil up the tree. Jack made a deal with the devil that, if he would never tempt him again, he would promise to let him down the tree.
According to the folk tale, after Jack died, he was denied entrance to Heaven because of his evil ways, but he was also denied access to Hell because he had tricked the devil. Instead, the devil gave him a single ember to light his way through the frigid darkness. The ember was placed inside a hollowed-out turnip to keep it glowing longer.
The Irish used turnips as their "Jack's lanterns" originally. But when the immigrants came to America, they found that pumpkins were far more plentiful than turnips. So the Jack-O-Lantern in America was a hollowed-out pumpkin, lit with an ember.
So, although some cults may have adopted Halloween as their favorite "holiday," the day itself did not grow out of evil practices. It grew out of the rituals of Celts celebrating a new year, and out of Medieval prayer rituals of Europeans. And today, even many churches have Halloween parties or pumpkin carving events for the kids. After all, the day itself is only as evil as one cares to make it.

โรคไข้เลือดออก

โรคไข้เลือดออก

ไข้เลือดออกเป็นโรคที่เกิดจากยุงเป็นพาหะของโรคไข้เลือดออกนอกจากจะเป็นปัญหาสาธารณะสุขของประเทศไทยแล้วยังเป็นปัญหาสาธารณสุขทั่่วโลกโดยเฉพาะประเทศในเขตร้อนชื้นและก่อให้เกิดความกังวลต่อผู้ปกครองเวลาเด็กมีไข้ บทความนี้จะบรรยายถึงโรคไข้เลือดออกในแง่การดูแลผู้ป่วยซึ่งมีหัวข้อดังต่อไปนี้

อุบัติการณืของโรคไข้เลือดออก
เมื่อ คศ 1970มีการระบาดของไข้เลือดออกเป็นครั้งคราว epidermic 9 ประเทศ ปัจจุบันไข้เลือดออกมีการระบาดเพิ่มมากขึ้นในระยะเวลา 10 ปีที่ผ่านมา ปัจจุบันไข้เลือดออกเป็นโรคประจำท้องถิ่น endemic ของประเทศมากว่า 100 ประเทศในแถบแอฟริกา อเมริกา เอเซียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ western pacific โดยมีความรุนแรงมากในแถบ เอเซียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ western pacific
ประชากรประมาณ 2500 ล้านคนในประเทศที่มีการระบาดจะเสี่ยงต่อการติดเชื้อไข้เลือดออก ประมาณว่าจะมีการติดเชื้อปีละ 50 ล้านคน และต้องนอนโรงพยาบาลมากกว่า 500000 คนต่อปี อัตราการเสียชีวิตประมาณร้อยละ 2.5 แต่อาจจะสูงถึงร้อยละ 20 หากให้การรักษาอย่างดีอัตราการเสียชีวิตอาจจะลดลงต่ำกว่าร้อยละ1
สาเหตุของไข้เลือดออก
โรคไข้เลือดออก เป็นโรคติดต่อที่เกิดจากยุงลาย Aedes aegyti ตัวเมีย บินไปกัดคนที่ป่วยเป็นไข้เลือดออกโดยเฉพาะช่วงที่มีไข้สูง เชื้อไ/วรัสแดงกีจะเพิ่มจำนวนในตัวยุงประมาณ 8-10 วัน เชื้อไวรัสแดงกี่จะไปที่ผนังกระเพาะและต่อมน้ำลายของยุง เมื่อยุงกัดคนก็จะแพร่เชื้อสู่คน เชื้อจะอยู่ในร่างกายคนประมาณ 2-7 วันในช่วงที่มีไข้ หากยุงกัดคนในช่วงนี้ก็จะรับเชื้อไวรัสมาแพร่ให้กับคนอื่น ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่มักจะเป็นเด็ก โรคนี้ระบาดในฤดูฝน ยุงลายชอบออกหากินในเวลากลางวันตามบ้านเรือน และโรงเรียน ชอบวางไข่ตามภาชนะที่มีน้ำขัง เช่น ยางรถยนต์ กะลา กระป๋อง จานรองขาตู้กับข้าว แต่ไม่ชอบวางไข่ในท่อระบายน้ำ ห้วย หนอง คลอง บึง
เมื่อไรจะสงสัยว่าเป็นไข้เลือดออกอาการของไข้เลือดออกไม่จำเพาะ อาการมีได้หลายอย่าง ในเด็กอาจจะมีเพียงอาการไข้และผื่น ใผู้ใหญ่อาจจะมีไข้สูง ปวดศรีษะ ปวดตามตัว ปวดกระบอกตา ปวดกล้ามเนื้อ หากไม่คิดโรคนี้อาจจะทำให้การรักษาช้า ผู้ป่วยอาจจะสียชีวิต ลักษณที่สำคัญของไข้เลือกออกคือ

ไข้สูงเฉียบพลัน ประมาณ 2-7 วัน
เบื่ออาหาร หน้าแดง ปวดศีรษะ ร่วมกับอาการคลื่นไส้อาเจียน และอาจมีอาการปวดท้องร่วมด้วย
บางรายอาจมีจุดเลือดสีแดงขึ้นตามลำตัว แขน ขา อาจมีกำเดาออก หรือเลือดออกตามไรฟัน และถ่ายอุจาระดำเนื่องจากเลือดออก และอาจทำให้เกิดอาการช็อคได้
ในรายที่ช็อคจะสังเกตได้จากการที่ไข้ลดแต่ผู้ป่วยซึมลง ตัวเย็น หมดสติและเสียชีวิตได้
การเจาะเลือดตรวจวินิจฉัย
การรักษา
ไม่มีการรักษาเฉพาะสำหรับโรคไข้เลือดออก การรักเพียงประคับประคองอย่างใกล้ชิดโดยการเฝ้าระวังภาวะช็อค และเลือดออก และการให้สารน้ำอย่างเหมาะสมก็จะทำให้อัตราการเสียชีวิตลดลงต่ำกว่าร้อยละ 1
วัคซีนป้องกันไข้เลือดออก
การผลิตวัคซีนกำลังอยู่ในขั้นพัฒนา แต่มีปัญาเนื่องเชื้อมี 4 สายพันธุ์ คาดการณ์ว่าจะสำเร็จและใช้ได้ในอนาคตอันใกล้ การป้องกันและการควบคุม
วิธีที่จะป้องกันและควบคุมไข้เลือดออกที่ดีที่สุดคือการควบคุมการแพร่กระจายของยุงลาย
กำจัดแหล่งเพราะพันธุ์ยุง เช่น กะละ ยาง กระป๋อง
หาฝาปิดภาชนะ เช่น โอ่ง ถังน้ำ
ในแหล่งน้ำสาธารณะอาจจะเลี้ยงปลาเพื่อกินลูกน้ำ หรือใส่สารเคมีเพื่อฆ่าลูกน้ำ

Rome

Rome (Italian: Roma) is the capital city of Italy and of the Lazio region, as well as the country's largest and most populous comune, with more than 2.7 million residents (December 2006, demo.istat.it). Its metropolitan area is Italy's second after Milan. It is located in the central-western portion of the Italian peninsula, where the river Aniene joins the Tiber. The Mayor of Rome is Walter Veltroni.
An enclave of Rome is the State of the Vatican City, the sovereign territory of the Holy See, the smallest nation in the world and the capital of the only religion to have representation in the United Nations.
Rome, Caput mundi ("capital of the world"), la Città Eterna ("the Eternal City"), Limen Apostolorum ("threshold of the Apostles"), la città dei sette colli ("the city of the seven hills") or simply l'Urbe ("the City"),is thoroughly modern and cosmopolitan. As one of the few major European cities that escaped World War II relatively unscathed, central Rome remains essentially Renaissance and Baroque in character. The Historic Centre of Rome is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site

From founding to Empire

According to legend, the city of Rome was founded by the twins Romulus and Remus on April 21, 753 BC, but archaeological evidence supports the theory that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill and in the area of the future Roman Forum, coalescing into a city in the 8th century BC. That city developed into the capital of the Roman Kingdom (ruled by a succession of seven kings, according to tradition), Roman Republic (from 510 BC, governed by the Senate), and finally the Roman Empire (from 31 BC, ruled by an Emperor); this success depended on military conquest, commercial predominance, as well as selective assimilation of neighboring civilizations, most notably the Etruscans and Greeks. Roman dominance expanded over most of Europe and the shores of the Mediterranean sea, while its population surpassed one million inhabitants. For almost a thousand years, Rome was the most politically important, richest and largest city in the Western world, and remained so after the Empire started to decline and was split, even if it ultimately lost its capital status to Milan and then Ravenna, and was surpassed in prestige by the Eastern capital Constantinople.

Fall of the Empire and Middle Ages

With the reign of Constantine I, the Bishop of Rome gained religious as well as political importance, eventually becoming known as the Pope and establishing Rome as the centre of the Catholic Church. After the Sack of Rome (410) by Alaric I and the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, Rome alternated between Byzantine rule and plundering by Germanic barbarians. Its population declined to a mere 20,000 during the Early Middle Ages, reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation. Rome remained nominally part of the Byzantine Empire until 751 AD when the Lombards finally abolished the Exarchate of Ravenna. In 756, Pepin the Short gave the pope temporal jurisdiction over Rome and surrounding areas, thus creating the Papal States. Rome remained the capital of the Papal States until its annexation into the Kingdom of Italy in 1870; the city became a major pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages and the focus of struggles between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire starting with Charlemagne, who was crowned its first emperor in Rome on Christmas 800 AD by Pope Leo III. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the Middle Ages, Rome kept its status of Papal capital and "holy city" for centuries, even when the Pope briefly relocated to Avignon (1309–1337). While no longer politically powerful, as tragically shown by the brutal sack of 1527, the city flourished as a hub of cultural and artistic activity during the Renaissance and the Baroque, under the patronage of the Papal court.

Japanese New Year's food

Japanese New Year's food is called osechi-ryori, and consists many different kinds of dishes. It's a Japanese tradition to eat osechi-ryori throughout the New Year's holidays (until Jan. 3.) Traditionally, people finish cooking osechi dishes by New Year's Eve so they have food for a couple days without cooking. Most of the dishes can last a few days in the refrigerator or at cool room temperature. Colorful osechi-ryori dishes are packed in layers of lacquer boxes, called jubago.
Each dish and type of food in osechi has meaning, such as good health, fertility, good harvest, happiness, long life, and so on. Nowadays, many people in Japan buy osechi at stores instead of cooking them at home since it can be time-consuming to cook so many kinds of dishes.

If you are in Japan, you can order a set of osechi-ryori at department stores, grocery stores, or convenience stores. The kinds of osechi dishes eaten at Japanese homes vary from region to region.
I will introduce common osechi dishes below with some recipes for those of you who might want to cook them.